Diferentemente da linguagem C (nativamente procedural), a linguagem C++ permite nativamente o paradigma de Programação Orientada a Objetos.

A linguagem C é orientada para trabalhar com variáveis e funções. Já a linguagem C++ também trabalha com modelos chamados Templates, que organizam dados e métodos. Métodos são exatamente essas funções usadas ”dentro” do objeto, que são chamadas a partir dos Templates usados. 

A lista a seguir apresenta as funções herdadas da linguagem C e em seguida os métodos para cada Template da linguagem C++.

Para o histórico de desenvolvimento da linguagem, veja: List of standard header files in C and C++

Índice:
1ª Parte: Fundamentos de linguagem / 1st Part: Language Fundamentals
Pre-processor commands
Operator Precedence
Escape Sequences
ASCII Chart
Data Types
Keywords

2ª Parte: Herança da Linguagem C / 2nd Part: C Language Heritage
Standard C I/O
Standard C String and Character
Standard C Math
Standard C Time and Date
Standard C Memory
Other standard C functions

3ª Parte: Inovações da linguagem C++ / 3rd Part: C++ Inovations
C++ I/O
C++ Strings
C++ String Flags
C++ String Streams
Miscellaneous C++

4ª Parte: Biblioteca de Modelos Padrão / 4th Part: Standard Template Library
C++ Standard Template Library
C++ Algorithms
C++ Vectors
C++ Double-Ended Queues
C++ Lists
C++ Priority Queues
C++ Queues
C++ Stacks
C++ Sets
C++ Multisets
C++ Maps
C++ Multimaps
C++ Bitsets
Iterators

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1ª Parte: Fundamentos de linguagem / 1st Part: Language Fundamentals

 

C/C++ Pre-processor Commands

#, ##	manipulate strings
#define	define variables
#error	display an error message
#if, #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, #elif, #endif	conditional operators
#include	insert the contents of another file
#line	set line and file information
#pragma	implementation specific command
#undef	used to undefine variables
Predefined preprocessor variables	miscellaneous preprocessor variables

C++ Operator Precedence

The operators at the top of this list are evaluated first.

Precedence	Operator	Description	Example	Associativity
1	::	Scoping operator	Class::age = 2;	none
2	() [] -> . ++ —	Grouping operator Array access Member access from a pointer Member access from an object Post-increment Post-decrement	(a + b) / 4; array[4] = 2; ptr->age = 34; obj.age = 34; for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) … for( i = 10; i > 0; i– ) …	left to right
3	! ~ ++ — – + * & (type) sizeof	Logical negation Bitwise complement Pre-increment Pre-decrement Unary minus Unary plus Dereference Address of Cast to a given type Return size in bytes	if( !done ) … flags = ~flags; for( i = 0; i < 10; ++i ) … for( i = 10; i > 0; –i ) … int i = -1; int i = +1; data = *ptr; address = &obj; int i = (int) floatNum; int size = sizeof(floatNum);	right to left
4	->* .*	Member pointer selector Member pointer selector	ptr->*var = 24; obj.*var = 24;	left to right
5	* / %	Multiplication Division Modulus	int i = 2 * 4; float f = 10 / 3; int rem = 4 % 3;	left to right
6	+ –	Addition Subtraction	int i = 2 + 3; int i = 5 – 1;	left to right
7	<< >>	Bitwise shift left Bitwise shift right	int flags = 33 << 1; int flags = 33 >> 1;	left to right
8	< <= > >=	Comparison less-than Comparison less-than-or-equal-to Comparison greater-than Comparison geater-than-or-equal-to	if( i < 42 ) … if( i <= 42 ) … if( i > 42 ) … if( i >= 42 ) …	left to right
9	== !=	Comparison equal-to Comparison not-equal-to	if( i == 42 ) … if( i != 42 ) …	left to right
10	&	Bitwise AND	flags = flags & 42;	left to right
11	^	Bitwise exclusive OR	flags = flags ^ 42;	left to right
12	|	Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR	flags = flags | 42;	left to right
13	&&	Logical AND	if( conditionA && conditionB ) …	left to right
14	||	Logical OR	if( conditionA || conditionB ) …	left to right
15	? :	Ternary conditional (if-then-else)	int i = (a > b) ? a : b;	right to left
16	= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>=	Assignment operator Increment and assign Decrement and assign Multiply and assign Divide and assign Modulo and assign Bitwise AND and assign Bitwise exclusive OR and assign Bitwise inclusive (normal) OR and assign Bitwise shift left and assign Bitwise shift right and assign	int a = b; a += 3; b -= 4; a *= 5; a /= 2; a %= 3; flags &= new_flags; flags ^= new_flags; flags |= new_flags; flags <<= 2; flags >>= 2;	right to left
17	,	Sequential evaluation operator	for( i = 0, j = 0; i < 10; i++, j++ ) …	left to right

It is important to note that there is no specified precedence for the operation of changing a variable into a value. For example, consider the following code:

float x, result;  x = 1;  result = x / ++x;

The value of result is not guaranteed to be consistent across different compilers, because it is not clear whether the computer should change the variable x (the one that occurs on the left side of the division operator) before using it. Depending on which compiler you are using, the variable result can either be 1.0 or 0.5. The bottom line is that you should not use the same variable multiple times in a single expression when using operators with side effects.

Constant Escape Sequences

The following escape sequences can be used to print out special characters.

Escape Sequence	Description
\’	Single quote
\”	Double quote
\\	Backslash
\nnn	Octal number (nnn)
\0	Null character (really just the octal number zero)
\a	Audible bell
\b	Backspace
\f	Formfeed
\n	Newline
\r	Carriage return
\t	Horizontal tab
\v	Vertical tab
\xnnn	Hexadecimal number (nnn)

ASCII Chart

The following chart contains ASCII decimal, octal, hexadecimal and character codes for values from 0 to 127.

Decimal	Octal	Hex	Character	Description	Decimal	Octal	Hex	Character	Description
0	0	00	NUL		64	100	40	@
1	1	01	SOH	start of header	65	101	41	A
2	2	02	STX	start of text	66	102	42	B
3	3	03	ETX	end of text	67	103	43	C
4	4	04	EOT	end of transmission	68	104	44	D
5	5	05	ENQ	enquiry	69	105	45	E
6	6	06	ACK	acknowledge	70	106	46	F
7	7	07	BEL	bell	71	107	47	G
8	10	08	BS	backspace	72	110	48	H
9	11	09	HT	horizontal tab	73	111	49	I
10	12	0A	LF	line feed	74	112	4A	J
11	13	0B	VT	vertical tab	75	113	4B	K
12	14	0C	FF	form feed	76	114	4C	L
13	15	0D	CR	carriage return	77	115	4D	M
14	16	0E	SO	shift out	78	116	4E	N
15	17	0F	SI	shift in	79	117	4F	O
16	20	10	DLE	data link escape	80	120	50	P
17	21	11	DC1	no assignment, but usually XON	81	121	51	Q
18	22	12	DC2		82	122	52	R
19	23	13	DC3	no assignment, but usually XOFF	83	123	53	S
20	24	14	DC4		84	124	54	T
21	25	15	NAK	negative acknowledge	85	125	55	U
22	26	16	SYN	synchronous idle	86	126	56	V
23	27	17	ETB	end of transmission block	87	127	57	W
24	30	18	CAN	cancel	88	130	58	X
25	31	19	EM	end of medium	89	131	59	Y
26	32	1A	SUB	substitute	90	132	5A	Z
27	33	1B	ESC	escape	91	133	5B	[
28	34	1C	FS	file seperator	92	134	5C	\
29	35	1D	GS	group seperator	93	135	5D	]
30	36	1E	RS	record seperator	94	136	5E	^
31	37	1F	US	unit seperator	95	137	5F	_
32	40	20	SPC	space	96	140	60	`
33	41	21	!		97	141	61	a
34	42	22	“		98	142	62	b
35	43	23	#		99	143	63	c
36	44	24	$		100	144	64	d
37	45	25	%		101	145	65	e
38	46	26	&		102	146	66	f
39	47	27	‘		103	147	67	g
40	50	28	(		104	150	68	h
41	51	29	)		105	151	69	i
42	52	2A	*		106	152	6A	j
43	53	2B	+		107	153	6B	k
44	54	2C	,		108	154	6C	l
45	55	2D	–		109	155	6D	m
46	56	2E	.		110	156	6E	n
47	57	2F	/		111	157	6F	o
48	60	30	0		112	160	70	p
49	61	31	1		113	161	71	q
50	62	32	2		114	162	72	r
51	63	33	3		115	163	73	s
52	64	34	4		116	164	74	t
53	65	35	5		117	165	75	u
54	66	36	6		118	166	76	v
55	67	37	7		119	167	77	w
56	70	38	8		120	170	78	x
57	71	39	9		121	171	79	y
58	72	3A	:		122	172	7A	z
59	73	3B	;		123	173	7B	{
60	74	3C	<		124	174	7C	|
61	75	3D	=		125	175	7D	}
62	76	3E	>		126	176	7E	~
63	77	3F	?		127	177	7F	DEL	delete

C/C++ Data Types

There are five data types for C: void, int, float, double, and char.

Type	Description
void	associated with no data type
int	integer
float	floating-point number
double	double precision floating-point number
char	character

C++ defines two more: bool and wchar_t.

Type	Description
bool	Boolean value, true or false
wchar_t	wide character

 

Type Modifiers

Several of these types can be modified using signed, unsigned, short, and long. When one of these type modifiers is used by itself, a data type of int is assumed. A complete list of possible data types follows:

bool	int	long int
char	unsigned int	signed long int
unsigned char	signed int	unsigned long int
signed char	short int	float
wchar_t	unsigned short int	double
	signed short int	long double

The size and range of any data type is compiler and architecture dependent. The “cfloat” (or “float.h”) header file often defines minimum and maximum values for the various data types. You can use the sizeof operator to determine the size of any data type, in bytes. However, many architectures implement data types of a standard size. ints and floats are often 32-bit, chars 8-bit, and doubles are usually 64-bit. bools are often implemented as 8-bit data types.Type Sizes and Ranges

C/C++ Keywords

asm	insert an assembly instruction
auto	declare a local variable
bool	declare a boolean variable
break	break out of a loop
case	a block of code in a switch statement
catch	handles exceptions from throw
char	declare a character variable
class	declare a class
const	declare immutable data or functions that do not change data
const_cast	cast from const variables
continue	bypass iterations of a loop
default	default handler in a case statement
delete	make memory available
do	looping construct
double	declare a double precision floating-point variable
dynamic_cast	perform runtime casts
else	alternate case for an if statement
enum	create enumeration types
explicit	only use constructors when they exactly match
export	allows template definitions to be separated from their declarations
extern	tell the compiler about variables defined elsewhere
false	the boolean value of false
float	declare a floating-point variable
for	looping construct
friend	grant non-member function access to private data
goto	jump to a different part of the program
if	execute code based off of the result of a test
inline	optimize calls to short functions
int	declare a integer variable
long	declare a long integer variable
mutable	override a const variable
namespace	partition the global namespace by defining a scope
new	allocate dynamic memory for a new variable
operator	create overloaded operator functions
private	declare private members of a class
protected	declare protected members of a class
public	declare public members of a class
register	request that a variable be optimized for speed
reinterpret_cast	change the type of a variable
return	return from a function
short	declare a short integer variable
signed	modify variable type declarations
sizeof	return the size of a variable or type
static	create permanent storage for a variable
static_cast	perform a nonpolymorphic cast
struct	define a new structure
switch	execute code based off of different possible values for a variable
template	create generic functions
this	a pointer to the current object
throw	throws an exception
true	the boolean value of true
try	execute code that can throw an exception
typedef	create a new type name from an existing type
typeid	describes an object
typename	declare a class or undefined type
union	a structure that assigns multiple variables to the same memory location
unsigned	declare an unsigned integer variable
using	import complete or partial namespaces into the current scope
virtual	create a function that can be overridden by a derived class
void	declare functions or data with no associated data type
volatile	warn the compiler about variables that can be modified unexpectedly
wchar_t	declare a wide-character variable
while	looping construct

 

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2ª Parte: Herança da Linguagem C / 2nd Part: C Language Heritage

Standard C I/O

clearerr	clears errors
fclose	close a file
feof	true if at the end-of-file
ferror	checks for a file error
fflush	writes the contents of the output buffer
fgetc	get a character from a stream
fgetpos	get the file position indicator
fgets	get a string of characters from a stream
fopen	open a file
fprintf	print formatted output to a file
fputc	write a character to a file
fputs	write a string to a file
fread	read from a file
freopen	open an existing stream with a different name
fscanf	read formatted input from a file
fseek	move to a specific location in a file
fsetpos	move to a specific location in a file
ftell	returns the current file position indicator
fwrite	write to a file
getc	read a character from a file
getchar	read a character from STDIN
gets	read a string from STDIN
perror	displays a string version of the current error to STDERR
printf	write formatted output to STDOUT
putc	write a character to a stream
putchar	write a character to STDOUT
puts	write a string to STDOUT
remove	erase a file
rename	rename a file
rewind	move the file position indicator to the beginning of a file
scanf	read formatted input from STDIN
setbuf	set the buffer for a specific stream
setvbuf	set the buffer and size for a specific stream
sprintf	write formatted output to a buffer
sscanf	read formatted input from a buffer
tmpfile	return a pointer to a temporary file
tmpnam	return a unique filename
ungetc	puts a character back into a stream
vprintf, vfprintf, and vsprintf	write formatted output with variable argument lists

 

Standard C String and Character

atof	converts a string to a double
atoi	converts a string to an integer
atol	converts a string to a long
isalnum	true if a character is alphanumeric
isalpha	true if a character is alphabetic
iscntrl	true if a character is a control character
isdigit	true if a character is a digit
isgraph	true if a character is a graphical character
islower	true if a character is lowercase
isprint	true if a character is a printing character
ispunct	true if a character is punctuation
isspace	true if a character is a space character
isupper	true if a character is an uppercase character
isxdigit	true if a character is a hexidecimal character
memchr	searches an array for the first occurance of a character
memcmp	compares two buffers
memcpy	copies one buffer to another
memmove	moves one buffer to another
memset	fills a buffer with a character
strcat	concatenates two strings
strchr	finds the first occurance of a character in a string
strcmp	compares two strings
strcoll	compares two strings in accordance to the current locale
strcpy	copies one string to another
strcspn	searches one string for any characters in another
strerror	returns a text version of a given error code
strlen	returns the length of a given string
strncat	concatenates a certain amount of characters of two strings
strncmp	compares a certain amount of characters of two strings
strncpy	copies a certain amount of characters from one string to another
strpbrk	finds the first location of any character in one string, in another string
strrchr	finds the last occurance of a character in a string
strspn	returns the length of a substring of characters of a string
strstr	finds the first occurance of a substring of characters
strtod	converts a string to a double
strtok	finds the next token in a string
strtol	converts a string to a long
strtoul	converts a string to an unsigned long
strxfrm	converts a substring so that it can be used by string comparison functions
tolower	converts a character to lowercase
toupper	converts a character to uppercase

 

Standard C Math

abs	absolute value
acos	arc cosine
asin	arc sine
atan	arc tangent
atan2	arc tangent, using signs to determine quadrants
ceil	the smallest integer not less than a certain value
cos	cosine
cosh	hyperbolic cosine
div	returns the quotient and remainder of a division
exp	returns “e” raised to a given power
fabs	absolute value for floating-point numbers
floor	returns the largest integer not greater than a given value
fmod	returns the remainder of a division
frexp	decomposes a number into scientific notation
labs	absolute value for long integers
ldexp	computes a number in scientific notation
ldiv	returns the quotient and remainder of a division, in long integer form
log	natural logarithm (to base e)
log10	common logarithm (to base 10)
modf	decomposes a number into integer and fractional parts
pow	returns a given number raised to another number
sin	sine
sinh	hyperbolic sine
sqrt	square root
tan	tangent
tanh	hyperbolic tangent

 

Standard C Time and Date

asctime	a textual version of the time
clock	returns the amount of time that the program has been running
ctime	returns a specifically formatted version of the time
difftime	the difference between two times
gmtime	returns a pointer to the current Greenwich Mean Time
localtime	returns a pointer to the current time
mktime	returns the calendar version of a given time
setlocale	sets the current locale
strftime	returns individual elements of the date and time
time	returns the current calendar time of the system

 

Standard C Memory

calloc	allocates and clears a two-dimensional chunk of memory
free	returns previously allocated memory to the operating system
malloc	allocates memory
realloc	changes the size of previously allocated memory

 

Other Standard C Functions

abort	stops the program
assert	stops the program if an expression isn’t true
atexit	sets a function to be called when the program exits
bsearch	perform a binary search
exit	stop the program
getenv	get enviornment information about a variable
longjmp	start execution at a certain point in the program
qsort	perform a quicksort
raise	send a signal to the program
rand	returns a pseudorandom number
setjmp	set execution to start at a certain point
signal	register a function as a signal handler
srand	initialize the random number generator
system	perform a system call
va_arg	use variable length parameter lists

 

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3ª Parte: Inovações da linguagem C++ / 3rd Part: C++ Inovations

C++ I/O

The <iostream> library automatically defines a few standard objects:

• cout, an object of the ostream class, which displays data to the standard output device.
• cerr, another object of the ostream class that writes unbuffered output to the standard error device.
• clog, like cerr, but uses buffered output.
• cin, an object of the istream class that reads data from the standard input device.

The <fstream> library allows programmers to do file input and output with the ifstream and ofstream classes.

C++ programmers can also do input and output from strings by using the String Stream class.

Some of the behavior of the C++ I/O streams (precision, justification, etc) may be modified by manipulating various io stream format flags.

I/O Constructors	constructors
bad	true if an error occurred
clear	clear and set status flags
close	close a stream
eof	true if at the end-of-file
fail	true if an error occurred
fill	manipulate the default fill character
flags	access or manipulate io stream format flags
flush	empty the buffer
gcount	number of characters read during last input
get	read characters
getline	read a line of characters
good	true if no errors have occurred
ignore	read and discard characters
open	create an input stream
peek	check the next input character
precision	manipulate the precision of a stream
put	write characters
putback	return characters to a stream
rdstate	returns the state flags of the stream
read	read data into a buffer
seekg	perform random access on an input stream
seekp	perform random access on output streams
setf	set format flags
sync_with_stdio	synchronize with standard I/O
tellg	read input stream pointers
tellp	read output stream pointers
unsetf	clear io stream format flags
width	access and manipulate the minimum field width
write	write characters

C++ I/O Flags

Format flags

C++ defines some format flags for standard input and output, which can be manipulated with the flags(), setf(), and unsetf() functions. For example,

cout.setf(ios::left);

turns on left justification for all output directed to cout.

Flag	Meaning
boolalpha	Boolean values can be input/output using the words “true” and “false”.
dec	Numeric values are displayed in decimal.
fixed	Display floating point values using normal notation (as opposed to scientific).
hex	Numeric values are displayed in hexidecimal.
internal	If a numeric value is padded to fill a field, spaces are inserted between the sign and base character.
left	Output is left justified.
oct	Numeric values are displayed in octal.
right	Output is right justified.
scientific	Display floating point values using scientific notation.
showbase	Display the base of all numeric values.
showpoint	Display a decimal and extra zeros, even when not needed.
showpos	Display a leading plus sign before positive numeric values.
skipws	Discard whitespace characters (spaces, tabs, newlines) when reading from a stream.
unitbuf	Flush the buffer after each insertion.
uppercase	Display the “e” of scientific notation and the “x” of hexidecimal notation as capital letters.

Manipulators

You can also manipulate flags indirectly, using the following manipulators. Most programmers are familiar with the endl manipulator, which might give you an idea of how manipulators are used. For example, to set the dec flag, you might use the following command:

cout << dec;

Manipulators defined in <iostream>
Manipulator	Description	Input	Output
boolalpha	Turns on the boolalpha flag	X	X
dec	Turns on the dec flag	X	X
endl	Output a newline character, flush the stream		X
ends	Output a null character		X
fixed	Turns on the fixed flag		X
flush	Flushes the stream		X
hex	Turns on the hex flag	X	X
internal	Turns on the internal flag		X
left	Turns on the left flag		X
noboolalpha	Turns off the boolalpha flag	X	X
noshowbase	Turns off the showbase flag		X
noshowpoint	Turns off the showpoint flag		X
noshowpos	Turns off the showpos flag		X
noskipws	Turns off the skipws flag	X
nounitbuf	Turns off the unitbuf flag		X
nouppercase	Turns off the uppercase flag		X
oct	Turns on the oct flag	X	X
right	Turns on the right flag		X
scientific	Turns on the scientific flag		X
showbase	Turns on the showbase flag		X
showpoint	Turns on the showpoint flag		X
showpos	Turns on the showpos flag		X
skipws	Turns on the skipws flag	X
unitbuf	Turns on the unitbuf flag		X
uppercase	Turns on the uppercase flag		X
ws	Skip any leading whitespace	X

Manipulators defined in <iomanip>
Manipulator	Description	Input	Output
resetiosflags( long f )	Turn off the flags specified by f	X	X
setbase( int base )	Sets the number base to base		X
setfill( int ch )	Sets the fill character to ch		X
setiosflags( long f )	Turn on the flags specified by f	X	X
setprecision( int p )	Sets the number of digits of precision		X
setw( int w )	Sets the field width to w		X

State flags

The I/O stream state flags tell you the current state of an I/O stream. The flags are:

Flag	Meaning
badbit	a fatal error has occurred
eofbit	EOF has been found
failbit	a nonfatal error has occurred
goodbit	no errors have occurred

Mode flags

The I/O stream mode flags allow you to access files in different ways. The flags are:

Mode	Meaning
ios::app	append output
ios::ate	seek to EOF when opened
ios::binary	open the file in binary mode
ios::in	open the file for reading
ios::out	open the file for writing
ios::trunc	overwrite the existing file

C++ Strings

String operators	concatenate strings, assign strings, use strings for I/O, compare strings
append	append characters and strings onto a string
assign	give a string values from strings of characters and other C++ strings
at	returns an element at a specific location
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the string
c_str	returns a standard C character array version of the string
capacity	returns the number of elements that the string can hold
clear	removes all elements from the string
compare	compares two strings
copy	copies characters from a string into an array
data	returns a pointer to the first character of a string
empty	true if the string has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a string
erase	removes elements from a string
find	find characters in the string
find_first_not_of	find first absence of characters
find_first_of	find first occurrence of characters
find_last_not_of	find last absence of characters
find_last_of	find last occurrence of characters
getline	read data from an I/O stream into a string
insert	insert characters into a string
length	returns the length of the string
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the string can hold
push_back	add an element to the end of the string
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the string
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the string
replace	replace characters in the string
reserve	sets the minimum capacity of the string
resize	change the size of the string
rfind	find the last occurrence of a substring
size	returns the number of items in the string
substr	returns a certain substring
swap	swap the contents of this string with another

C++ String Streams

String streams are similar to the <iostream> and <fstream> libraries, except that string streams allow you to perform I/O on strings instead of streams. The <sstream> library provides functionality similar to sscanf() and sprintf() in the standard C library. Three main classes are available in <sstream>:

• stringstream – allows input and output
• istringstream – allows input only
• ostringstream – allows output only

String streams are actually subclasses of iostreams, so all of the functions available for iostreams are also available for stringstream. See the C++ I/O functions for more information.

Constructors	create new string streams
Operators	read from and write to string streams
rdbuf	get the buffer for a string stream
str	get or set the stream’s string

Miscellaneous C++

auto_ptr

create pointers that automatically destroy objects

 

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4ª Parte: Biblioteca de Modelos Padrão / 4th Part: Standard Template Library

C++ Standard Template Library

The C++ STL (Standard Template Library) is a generic collection of class templates and algorithms that allow programmers to easily implement standard data structures like queues, lists, and stacks.

The C++ STL provides programmers with the following constructs, grouped into three categories:

• Sequences
  • C++ Vectors
  • C++ Lists
  • C++ Double-Ended Queues
• Container Adapters
  • C++ Stacks
  • C++ Queues
  • C++ Priority Queues
• Associative Containers
  • C++ Bitsets
  • C++ Maps
  • C++ Multimaps
  • C++ Sets
  • C++ Multisets

The idea behind the C++ STL is that the hard part of using complex data structures has already been completed. If a programmer would like to use a stack of integers, all that she has to do is use this code:

stack<int> myStack;

With minimal effort, she can now push() and pop() integers onto this stack. Through the magic of C++ Templates, she could specify any data type, not just integers. The STL Stack class will provide generic functionality of a stack, regardless of the data in the stack.

 

C++ Algorithms

accumulate	sum up a range of elements
adjacent_difference	compute the differences between adjacent elements in a range
adjacent_find	finds two items that are adjacent to eachother
binary_search	determine if an element exists in a certain range
copy	copy some range of elements to a new location
copy_backward	copy a range of elements in backwards order
copy_n	copy N elements
count	return the number of elements matching a given value
count_if	return the number of elements for which a predicate is true
equal	determine if two sets of elements are the same
equal_range	search for a range of elements that are all equal to a certain element
fill	assign a range of elements a certain value
fill_n	assign a value to some number of elements
find	find a value in a given range
find_end	find the last sequence of elements in a certain range
find_first_of	search for any one of a set of elements
find_if	find the first element for which a certain predicate is true
for_each	apply a function to a range of elements
generate	saves the result of a function in a range
generate_n	saves the result of N applications of a function
includes	returns true if one set is a subset of another
inner_product	compute the inner product of two ranges of elements
inplace_merge	merge two ordered ranges in-place
is_heap	returns true if a given range is a heap
is_sorted	returns true if a range is sorted in ascending order
iter_swap	swaps the elements pointed to by two iterators
lexicographical_compare	returns true if one range is lexicographically less than another
lexicographical_compare_3way	determines if one range is lexicographically less than or greater than another
lower_bound	search for the first place that a value can be inserted while preserving order
make_heap	creates a heap out of a range of elements
max	returns the larger of two elements
max_element	returns the largest element in a range
merge	merge two sorted ranges
min	returns the smaller of two elements
min_element	returns the smallest element in a range
mismatch	finds the first position where two ranges differ
next_permutation	generates the next greater lexicographic permutation of a range of elements
nth_element	put one element in its sorted location and make sure that no elements to its left are greater than any elements to its right
partial_sort	sort the first N elements of a range
partial_sort_copy	copy and partially sort a range of elements
partial_sum	compute the partial sum of a range of elements
partition	divide a range of elements into two groups
pop_heap	remove the largest element from a heap
power	compute the value of some number raised to the Nth power
prev_permutation	generates the next smaller lexicographic permutation of a range of elements
push_heap	add an element to a heap
random_sample	randomly copy elements from one range to another
random_sample_n	sample N random elements from a range
random_shuffle	randomly re-order elements in some range
remove	remove elements equal to certain value
remove_copy	copy a range of elements omitting those that match a certian value
remove_copy_if	create a copy of a range of elements, omitting any for which a predicate is true
remove_if	remove all elements for which a predicate is true
replace	replace every occurrence of some value in a range with another value
replace_copy	copy a range, replacing certain elements with new ones
replace_copy_if	copy a range of elements, replacing those for which a predicate is true
replace_if	change the values of elements for which a predicate is true
reverse	reverse elements in some range
reverse_copy	create a copy of a range that is reversed
rotate	move the elements in some range to the left by some amount
rotate_copy	copy and rotate a range of elements
search	search for a range of elements
search_n	search for N consecutive copies of an element in some range
set_difference	computes the difference between two sets
set_intersection	computes the intersection of two sets
set_symmetric_difference	computes the symmetric difference between two sets
set_union	computes the union of two sets
sort	sort a range into ascending order
sort_heap	turns a heap into a sorted range of elements
stable_partition	divide elements into two groups while preserving their relative order
stable_sort	sort a range of elements while preserving order between equal elements
swap	swap the values of two objects
swap_ranges	swaps two ranges of elements
transform	applies a function to a range of elements
unique	remove consecutive duplicate elements in a range
unique_copy	create a copy of some range of elements that contains no consecutive duplicates
upper_bound	searches for the last possible location to insert an element into an ordered range

C++ Vectors

Vectors contain contiguous elements stored as an array. Accessing members of a vector or appending elements can be done in constant time, whereas locating a specific value or inserting elements into the vector takes linear time.

Vector constructors	create vectors and initialize them with some data
Vector operators	compare, assign, and access elements of a vector
assign	assign elements to a vector
at	returns an element at a specific location
back	returns a reference to last element of a vector
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the vector
capacity	returns the number of elements that the vector can hold
clear	removes all elements from the vector
empty	true if the vector has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a vector
erase	removes elements from a vector
front	returns a reference to the first element of a vector
insert	inserts elements into the vector
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the vector can hold
pop_back	removes the last element of a vector
push_back	add an element to the end of the vector
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the vector
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the vector
reserve	sets the minimum capacity of the vector
resize	change the size of the vector
size	returns the number of items in the vector
swap	swap the contents of this vector with another

C++ Double-ended Queues

Double-ended queues are like vectors, except that they allow fast insertions and deletions at the beginning (as well as the end) of the container.

Container constructors	create dequeues and initialize them with some data
Container operators	compare, assign, and access elements of a dequeue
assign	assign elements to a dequeue
at	returns an element at a specific location
back	returns a reference to last element of a dequeue
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the dequeue
clear	removes all elements from the dequeue
empty	true if the dequeue has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a dequeue
erase	removes elements from a dequeue
front	returns a reference to the first element of a dequeue
insert	inserts elements into the dequeue
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the dequeue can hold
pop_back	removes the last element of a dequeue
pop_front	removes the first element of the dequeue
push_back	add an element to the end of the dequeue
push_front	add an element to the front of the dequeue
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the dequeue
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the dequeue
resize	change the size of the dequeue
size	returns the number of items in the dequeue
swap	swap the contents of this dequeue with another

C++ Lists

Lists are sequences of elements stored in a linked list. Compared to vectors, they allow fast insertions and deletions, but slower random access.

Container constructors	create lists and initialize them with some data
Container operators	assign and compare lists
assign	assign elements to a list
back	returns a reference to last element of a list
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the list
clear	removes all elements from the list
empty	true if the list has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a list
erase	removes elements from a list
front	returns a reference to the first element of a list
insert	inserts elements into the list
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the list can hold
merge	merge two lists
pop_back	removes the last element of a list
pop_front	removes the first element of the list
push_back	add an element to the end of the list
push_front	add an element to the front of the list
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the list
remove	removes elements from a list
remove_if	removes elements conditionally
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the list
resize	change the size of the list
reverse	reverse the list
size	returns the number of items in the list
sort	sorts a list into ascending order
splice	merge two lists in constant time
swap	swap the contents of this list with another
unique	removes consecutive duplicate elements

C++ Priority Queues

C++ Priority Queues are like queues, but the elements inside the the data structure are ordered by some predicate.

Priority queue constructors	construct a new priority queue
empty	true if the priority queue has no elements
pop	removes the top element of a priority queue
push	adds an element to the end of the priority queue
size	returns the number of items in the priority queue
top	returns the top element of the priority queue

C++ Queues

The C++ Queue is a container adapter that gives the programmer a FIFO (first-in, first-out) data structure.

Queue constructor	construct a new queue
back	returns a reference to last element of a queue
empty	true if the queue has no elements
front	returns a reference to the first element of a queue
pop	removes the top element of a queue
push	adds an element to the end of the queue
size	returns the number of items in the queue

C++ Stacks

The C++ Stack is a container adapter that gives the programmer the functionality of a stack — specifically, a FILO (first-in, last-out) data structure.

Stack constructors	construct a new stack
empty	true if the stack has no elements
pop	removes the top element of a stack
push	adds an element to the top of the stack
size	returns the number of items in the stack
top	returns the top element of the stack

C++ Sets

The C++ Set is an associative container that contains a sorted set of unique objects.

Set constructors & destructors	default methods to allocate, copy, and deallocate sets
Set operators	assign and compare sets
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the set
clear	removes all elements from the set
count	returns the number of elements matching a certain key
empty	true if the set has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a set
equal_range	returns iterators to the first and just past the last elements matching a specific key
erase	removes elements from a set
find	returns an iterator to specific elements
insert	insert items into a set
key_comp	returns the function that compares keys
lower_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than or equal to a certain value
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the set can hold
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the set
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the set
size	returns the number of items in the set
swap	swap the contents of this set with another
upper_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value
value_comp	returns the function that compares values

C++ Multisets

C++ Multisets are like sets, in that they are associative containers containing a sorted set of objects, but differ in that they allow duplicate objects.

Container constructors & destructors	default methods to allocate, copy, and deallocate multisets
Container operators	assign and compare multisets
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the multiset
clear	removes all elements from the multiset
count	returns the number of elements matching a certain key
empty	true if the multiset has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a multiset
equal_range	returns iterators to the first and just past the last elements matching a specific key
erase	removes elements from a multiset
find	returns an iterator to specific elements
insert	inserts items into a multiset
key_comp	returns the function that compares keys
lower_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than or equal to a certain value
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the multiset can hold
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the multiset
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the multiset
size	returns the number of items in the multiset
swap	swap the contents of this multiset with another
upper_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value
value_comp	returns the function that compares values

C++ Maps

C++ Maps are sorted associative containers that contain unique key/value pairs. For example, you could create a map that associates a string with an integer, and then use that map to associate the number of days in each month with the name of each month.

Map constructors & destructors	default methods to allocate, copy, and deallocate maps
Map operators	assign, compare, and access elements of a map
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the map
clear	removes all elements from the map
count	returns the number of elements matching a certain key
empty	true if the map has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a map
equal_range	returns iterators to the first and just past the last elements matching a specific key
erase	removes elements from a map
find	returns an iterator to specific elements
insert	insert items into a map
key_comp	returns the function that compares keys
lower_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than or equal to a certain value
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the map can hold
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the map
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the map
size	returns the number of items in the map
swap	swap the contents of this map with another
upper_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value
value_comp	returns the function that compares values

C++ Multimaps

C++ Multimaps are like maps, in that they are sorted associative containers, but differ from maps in that they allow duplicate keys.

Multimap constructors & destructors	default methods to allocate, copy, and deallocate multimaps
Multimap operators	assign and compare multimaps
begin	returns an iterator to the beginning of the multimap
clear	removes all elements from the multimap
count	returns the number of elements matching a certain key
empty	true if the multimap has no elements
end	returns an iterator just past the last element of a multimap
equal_range	returns iterators to the first and just past the last elements matching a specific key
erase	removes elements from a multimap
find	returns an iterator to specific elements
insert	inserts items into a multimap
key_comp	returns the function that compares keys
lower_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than or equal to a certain value
max_size	returns the maximum number of elements that the multimap can hold
rbegin	returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the multimap
rend	returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the multimap
size	returns the number of items in the multimap
swap	swap the contents of this multimap with another
upper_bound	returns an iterator to the first element greater than a certain value
value_comp	returns the function that compares values

C++ Bitsets

C++ Bitsets give the programmer a set of bits as a data structure. Bitsets can be manipulated by various binary operators such as logical AND, OR, and so on.

Bitset Constructors	create new bitsets
Bitset Operators	compare and assign bitsets
any	true if any bits are set
count	returns the number of set bits
flip	reverses the bitset
none	true if no bits are set
reset	sets bits to zero
set	sets bits
size	number of bits that the bitset can hold
test	returns the value of a given bit
to_string	string representation of the bitset
to_ulong	returns an integer representation of the bitset

C++ Iterators

Iterators are used to access members of the container classes, and can be used in a similar manner to pointers. For example, one might use an iterator to step through the elements of a vector. There are several different types of iterators:

Iterator	Description
input_iterator	Read values with forward movement. These can be incremented, compared, and dereferenced.
output_iterator	Write values with forward movement. These can be incremented and dereferenced.
forward_iterator	Read or write values with forward movement. These combine the functionality of input and output iterators with the ability to store the iterators value.
bidirectional_iterator	Read and write values with forward and backward movement. These are like the forward iterators, but you can increment and decrement them.
random_iterator	Read and write values with random access. These are the most powerful iterators, combining the functionality of bidirectional iterators with the ability to do pointer arithmetic and pointer comparisons.
reverse_iterator	Either a random iterator or a bidirectional iterator that moves in reverse direction.

Each of the container classes is associated with a type of iterator, and each of the STL algorithms uses a certain type of iterator. For example, vectors are associated with random-access iterators, which means that they can use algorithms that require random access. Since random-access iterators encompass all of the characteristics of the other iterators, vectors can use algorithms designed for other iterators as well.

Notice that you can access the elements of the container by dereferencing the iterator.

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Lista de referências compilada a partir de: https://doc.bccnsoft.com/docs/cppreference_en/index.html